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Accumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial space- Edema Edema result from lymphatic stasis- Lymphoedema Edema may be localized or generalized, If the edema is generalized – Anasarca Edema may be pitting or non-pitting. Pathogenesis of Edema in malnourished Exactly not known but it has been proposed that there is the diversion of fluid from…
Read noteOliguria is defined as a decrease in urine production below the minimal acceptable rate of 1 to 2 ml/kg/hr. Oliguria can occur as a normal physiologic response or as a manifestation of pathology within the renal system. Differentiating between physiologic and pathologic oliguria is essential to making appropriate clinical decisions and assessing the severity of…
Read noteThe body has approximately 600 lymph nodes, but only those in the submandibular, axillary or inguinal regions may normally be palpable in healthy people. Lymphadenopathy refers to nodes that are abnormal in either size, consistency or number. There are various classifications of lymphadenopathy, but a simple and clinically useful system is to classify lymphadenopathy as…
Read noteHematuria means blood in urine. It may be Gross or microscopic hematuria. Gross hematuria is seen by naked eyes while microscopic hematuria needs a microscope. Hematuria is defined as the presence of at least 5 red blood cells per microliter of urine. The prevalence of microscopic hematuria among school-aged children ranges from 0.5% to 2.0%.…
Read noteHematemesis Vomiting of fresh blood or “Coffee-grounds” (blood altered by gastric acid). Hematochezia Passage of stools containing red blood rather than tarry stools. Melena Refers to black tarry stools that usually result from upper GI bleeding. Represent bleeding anywhere above the ileocecal valve. Causes Of G.I. Bleeding Neonates Most common causes : Swallowed maternal blood…
Read noteEpigastric region Structures-liver and subphrenic abscess, stomach, duodenum, transverse colon, omentum, pancreas, abdominal aorta, LN. Congenital Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis Gastric torsion Pseudo pancreatic cyst, pancreatic abscess Hepatomegaly Gastroparesis Intussusception Duplication of stomach/duodenum Right Hypochondrium Structures– liver, gallbladder, subphrenic space, hepatic flexure of the colon, rt. Kidney and suprarenal glands. Hepatomegaly Choledochal cyst Subphrenic abscesses Kidney…
Read noteGAIT The pattern of how a person walks A dynamic & repetitive performance Occurs with a definite rhythmic sequence of events that takes during a gait cycle Normal walking is relatively effortless, performed with minimum expenditure of energy GAIT CYCLE The walking sequence requires that the non weight bearing leg moves forward while weight is…
Read noteDiarrhea- Excessive loss of fluid & electrolyte in the stool. Passage of 3 or more loose or watery stool in a 24 hour period. Loose stool- That would take the shape of a container. For practical purpose, the recent change in consistency & character of the stool & its water content. Types of Diarrhea Acute…
Read noteBleeding/bruising in children: Accidental Non-accidental injury/Abuse Bleeding diathesis Common Causes of bleeding in a well child ITP Henoch-Schonlein purpura Hemophilia A or B von Willebrand disease Vitamin K deficiency Warfarin or heparin Causes of bleeding in a Sick child DIC Severe liver dysfunction Acute leukemia Neuroblastoma Lymphoma Meningococcal infection History Site of bleeding Localized:…
Read noteHistory duration of weakness (ie. hours to days to weeks/months) classify as rapidly progressive, acute, subacute or chronic mode of progression (eg. onset in arms, “ascending paralysis”) sensory involvement (numbness, tingling, loss of balance esp. in dark, pain/burning) bulbar involvement (change in voice or swallowing) facial weakness (trouble chewing, sucking with straw, blowing) extraocular muscle…
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