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Posts for medical students, residents, and junior doctors: pediatric approaches, clinical tools, exam frameworks, and useful resources.
A cough is a sudden, and often repetitively occurring, protective reflex which helps to clear the large breathing passages from fluids, irritants, foreign particles and microbes. The cough reflex consists of three phases: an inhalation, a forced exhalation against a closed glottis, and a violent release of air from the lungs following opening of the…
Read noteCollection of 100+ important findings that are high yield for a medical student. This is important for USMLE Step 1 or other equivalent exams. 2 types of COPD Pink Puffer è Type A: Emphysema Blue Bloater è Type B: Bronchitis Emphysema- Centroacinar-smoking; Panacinar – α1-antitrypsin deficiency 45 Degree Branch Points Aspergillosis Acanthocytes RBSc w/ spiny…
Read noteCyanosis is an abnormal bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of reduced hemoglobin in the blood. The blue color usually represents excessive amounts of deoxygenated hemoglobin, although, in some patients, it results from increased amounts of methemoglobin or sulfhemoglobin. Cyanosis may be central or peripheral. In central cyanosis, the…
Read noteJaundice (icterus) is the accumulation of, and colouring of the skin and mucous membranes by, bilirubin, if it appears in excessive amounts or is not conjugated or excreted. Jaundice is usually first noted in the eyes, but the traditional term for this finding (scleral icterus) is actually a misnomer because pathologic studies reveal most of…
Read noteThe clinical appearance of a rash, a thorough history, and some knowledge of pathology of common conditions are necessary to make an accurate dermatological diagnosis. Certain rashes follow a typical pattern anatomically and aid the diagnosis. Other rashes are important markers of systemic disease and must be recognized in acute medical presentations. Skin problems are…
Read noteAccording to studies of healthy individuals 18 to 40 years of age, the mean oral temperature is 36.8°± 0.4°C (98.2°± 0.7°F), with low levels at 6 A.M. and higher levels at 4 to 6 P.M. The maximum normal oral temperature is 37.2°C (98.9°F) at 6 A.M. and 37.7°C (99.9°F) at 4 P.M. These values define…
Read noteAccumulation of excessive fluid in the interstitial space- Edema Edema result from lymphatic stasis- Lymphoedema Edema may be localized or generalized, If the edema is generalized – Anasarca Edema may be pitting or non-pitting. Pathogenesis of Edema in malnourished Exactly not known but it has been proposed that there is the diversion of fluid from…
Read noteOliguria is defined as a decrease in urine production below the minimal acceptable rate of 1 to 2 ml/kg/hr. Oliguria can occur as a normal physiologic response or as a manifestation of pathology within the renal system. Differentiating between physiologic and pathologic oliguria is essential to making appropriate clinical decisions and assessing the severity of…
Read noteThe body has approximately 600 lymph nodes, but only those in the submandibular, axillary or inguinal regions may normally be palpable in healthy people. Lymphadenopathy refers to nodes that are abnormal in either size, consistency or number. There are various classifications of lymphadenopathy, but a simple and clinically useful system is to classify lymphadenopathy as…
Read noteHematuria means blood in urine. It may be Gross or microscopic hematuria. Gross hematuria is seen by naked eyes while microscopic hematuria needs a microscope. Hematuria is defined as the presence of at least 5 red blood cells per microliter of urine. The prevalence of microscopic hematuria among school-aged children ranges from 0.5% to 2.0%.…
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